Laser cutting machine description and principle
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As a new type of tool, lasers are increasingly used in various industries, including laser cutting machines, laser engraving machines, laser marking machines, and laser welding machines. So how does laser cutting work in the end, and how does laser cutting differ?
First, the laser energy is concentrated in the form of light into a high-density beam. The beam is transmitted to the working surface, generating enough heat to melt the material, and the high-pressure gas coaxial to the beam removes the molten metal directly, thereby achieving the purpose of cutting. This shows that the laser cutting process is essentially different from the machining of machine tools.
It uses a laser beam emitted from a laser generator and is focused by an external circuit system into a laser beam irradiation condition of high power density. The laser heat is absorbed by the workpiece material, and the temperature of the workpiece rises sharply. After reaching the boiling point, the material begins to vaporize and form. Holes, with the movement of the beam relative to the workpiece, eventually make the material slit. The process parameters (cutting speed, laser power, gas pressure, etc.) and the trajectory during the slitting are controlled by the numerical control system. The slag at the kerf is blown off by the auxiliary gas with a certain pressure.
In general, the quality of laser cutting can be measured by the following six criteria.
1. Cutting surface roughness Rz
2. Cutting slag size 3. Trimming perpendicularity and slope u
4 cutting edge corner size r
5. After the stripe drag n
6. Flatness F
The principle of the laser cutting machine Laser is a kind of light, like other light emitters in nature, is caused by the transition of atoms (molecules or ions, etc.), and is caused by spontaneous radiation. Although laser is light, it is obviously different from ordinary light. The laser only depends on spontaneous radiation in the first very short time. Since the process is completely determined by the laser radiation, the laser has a very pure color and almost no divergent directionality. , high luminous intensity. At the same time, the laser has high coherence, high intensity, and high directionality. The laser is generated by a laser and then transmitted by a mirror and irradiated by a focusing lens onto a processed article, so that the processed article (surface) is exposed to strong thermal energy and the temperature increases rapidly. The point is quickly melted or vaporized due to high temperature, and the laser head's trajectory is matched to achieve the purpose of processing. Laser processing technology in the advertising industry is mainly divided into: laser cutting, laser engraving two working methods, for each of the working methods, we have some in the operating process is not the same place.
Laser engraving: mainly on the surface of the object, divided into bitmap engraving and vector engraving:
Bitmap Engraving: We first put the graphics we need to sculpt in PHOTOSHOP and convert it into a monochrome BMP format, and then open the graphics file in dedicated laser engraving and cutting software. According to the material we are processing, we can set the appropriate parameters, and then click to run. The laser engraving machine will carry out engraving according to the lattice effect produced by the graphics file.
Vector Engraving: Use vector software such as Coreldraw, AutoCad, Illustrator and other layout design, and export the graphics to PLT, DXF, AI format, marking machine, and then open the graphics file with special laser cutting and engraving software and send it to laser engraving. Machine processing.
In the advertising industry, it is mainly applied to the processing of wood, two-color board, plexiglass, colored paper and other materials.
Laser cutting: We can understand it as the separation of the edges. For such processing purposes, we should first make the graphics in the form of vector lines in CORELDRAW, AUTOCAD, pneumatic marking machine, and then save the corresponding PLT, DXF format, open the file with the laser cutting machine operating software, according to our The processed material can be set and operated by setting parameters such as energy and speed. After receiving instructions from the computer, the laser cutting machine automatically cuts according to the flight path generated by the software. Such as: the existing laser cutting machine, can draw a good template according to the computer, and then directly enter the computer, automatically cutting graphics. Existing laser cutting machines generally have their own hard disks and can input massive data sources.
Types of Laser Cutting Machines Laser Melting Cutting In laser melting cutting, the workpiece is partially melted and the molten material is sprayed by the air stream. Because the transfer of material occurs only in its liquid state, the process is called laser fusion cutting.
The laser beam is coupled with a high purity inert cutting gas to force the molten material away from the kerf, and the gas itself is not involved in the cutting. Laser melting cutting can achieve higher cutting speeds than gasification cutting. The energy required for gasification is usually higher than the energy needed to melt the material. In laser melting and cutting, the laser beam is only partially absorbed. The maximum cutting speed increases with the increase of the laser power, and decreases almost inversely with the increase of the thickness of the sheet and the increase of the melting temperature of the material. In the case of a certain laser power, the limiting factor is the gas pressure at the kerf and the thermal conductivity of the material. Laser melting cutting can make non-oxidation cuts for iron materials and titanium metals. The laser power density that produces melting but not gasification is between 104 W/cm2 and 105 W/cm2 for steel materials.
Laser flame cutting Laser flame cutting differs from laser melting cutting in that oxygen is used as the cutting gas. With the interaction between oxygen and the heated metal, a chemical reaction is generated to further heat the material. Due to this effect, for the same thickness of structural steel, the cutting rate that can be obtained by this method is higher than that of melting cutting.
On the other hand, this method may have worse cut quality than melt cutting. In fact it produces a wider kerf, a noticeable roughness, an increased heat-affected zone and a worse edge quality. Laser flame cutting is not good when machining precision models and sharp corners (risk of burning corners). Pulse mode lasers can be used to limit thermal effects, and the power of the laser determines the cutting speed. In the case of a certain laser power, the limiting factor is the supply of oxygen and the thermal conductivity of the material.
Laser gasification cutting In the laser gasification cutting process, the material is vaporized at the kerf, in which case very high laser power is required.
In order to prevent the material vapor from condensing on the slotted wall, the thickness of the material must not greatly exceed the diameter of the laser beam. This processing is therefore only suitable for applications where it must be avoided that the molten material is excluded. This processing is actually only used in the small area of ​​use of iron-based alloys.
This process cannot be used for materials such as wood and certain ceramics that are not melted and are therefore less likely to recondense the material vapor. In addition, these materials usually have to reach thicker cuts. In laser gasification cutting, optimal beam focusing depends on the material thickness and beam quality. Laser power and heat of vaporization have only a certain influence on the optimal focus position. In the case of a certain plate thickness, the maximum cutting speed is inversely proportional to the gasification temperature of the material. The required laser power density is greater than 108 W/cm2 and depends on the material, cutting depth and beam focus position. In the case of a certain plate thickness, assuming sufficient laser power, the maximum cutting speed is limited by the velocity of the gas jet.
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