"North China Larch Pine Fast-growing and High-yielding Forest Cultivation Technique" 22
The third section of the main cutting method According to the area and distribution characteristics of the forest, the following three indicators must be reached when determining the main cutting age: First, the ecological environment should not be destroyed after clear cutting. The second is that the determined age of the main cutting must be “quantitatively mature†or “process matureâ€. According to the market demand, the species and specifications reach the highest value and have the highest economic value of the final cutting. Thirdly, after clear-cutting, it is necessary to ensure the artificial updating effect and achieve the targets specified in the “Technical Regulations for Forest Managementâ€. Most of the artificial commercial forests dominated by Larix principis-rupprechtii in the Mengfu Forest Management Bureau were constructed from the early 1960s to the end of the 1990s, and some forest stands have entered the “near-matured†and “middle-aged†stages. It is also the most economical harvesting period. Due to the unequal size of the forest, the maximum area is 600-700 hectares and the minimum area is 0.2-2.0 hectares, and the location and location of the forest stand are significantly different. Therefore, in determining the mode of the main cutting, traffic and production should be taken into consideration. Organization, capital, intensive management, mechanization, and timber production costs. To a certain extent, this factor often determines the effect of the adoption and use of a certain type of logging. That is to say, based on the present and the future, the determined way of the main cutting is to satisfy the requirements of maintaining the forest productivity, but also to protect the ecological environment and ecological resources. According to Hebei Province's "Forest Management Technical Regulations (Trial)" standard, the following are the main cutting methods. (I) Small area clearcut Small-scale clearcut is a clear cut method based on small classes. It is determined based on the topography, topography, site conditions, and stand area, and is generally controlled in small class clear cuts below 5 hectares. Small classes have good site conditions, gentle slopes, deep soil layers, and easy to renew. After harvesting, the forest stands will not cause water and soil loss, and can be used in small classes. (b) Clear cuts The size of the small class is larger, generally 20-30 hectares or more. In order to avoid soil erosion and the impact on the local ecological environment caused by clear cuts in small classes, clear cuts are made in two or more times depending on the size of the stand. Inconvenient transportation, away from residential areas, and one-time clear cutting area with less human and livestock activities may be appropriately increased. After clear cutting, it will be updated in a timely manner. In principle, the first clear cut will be made after the artificially updated basic stability and the second clear cut will be performed, and so on. (c), band clear cut The banded clear cuts are mostly selected in concentrically contiguous, large-area stands, and logging is carried out in the banded logging area, while the rest of the stand is temporarily retained. The setting principle of the cutting area is determined according to the factors such as slope direction, slope, and site conditions. For slopes with large conditions and site conditions, the forests prone to soil erosion should set the cutting area according to the contour line. From top to bottom, the cutting zone is appropriate. Narrow, generally no more than 1 to 2 times the average height of stand. In the flat terrain, deep soil layer, cutting area will not cause soil erosion or ecological environment changes, in order to facilitate the construction, the timber operations, can be implemented in the clear cutting of the mountain belt, the cutting area width control in the average high forest Within 2 to 3 times. Section IV Construction Management A construction management and organization work (1) Preparation work: Before the construction, in order to ensure the smooth production, it is necessary to make full preparations in advance, including a series of preparatory work preparations such as tool purchase, maintenance of forest roads, work shed facilities, and market selection. (2) Since the reform and opening up, due to regional differences, the state of economic development has undergone major changes. The labor outflow in the forest area is very serious. It is difficult for forest farms to establish a forest production specialty under unstable production tasks. Team. Therefore, after the production task is issued, temporary teams must be formed in time, non-labour forces are prohibited from engaging in logging operations, and the organization’s labor force is divided into sections according to the size of the task, and the responsibility is clearly defined. The forest farm or the forest management area must sign a construction contract with the construction unit. The need to clarify the location of the operation, the amount of work tasks, operating methods, quality standards, opening hours, rewards and punishments and fire prevention, production safety, production investment standards and other matters. (3) Distribution of cutting licenses: After the approval of the operation design, the relevant section of the Office issues the cutting license to the forest farm. After harvesting the harvesting permit, the forest farm requires the forest farm to review the operation site together with the design unit, forest class, small class, area, operation method, and boundary (marked as clearly marked), and call the logging area. If there is any discrepancy between the review and the design approval class, it shall be reported to the Office in time, and the construction shall be carried out after the reason has been ascertained. The phenomenon of wrong cutting or cutting across the border is strictly prohibited. (IV) Technical training: Prior to construction, technical staff and construction personnel shall be organized to organize technical personnel and construction personnel to seriously study the plans and approval requirements. On this basis, technical training for production personnel shall be carried out in each cutting area, and demonstration operations shall be conducted on the site according to the key links of each construction. Each production staff is skilled in mastering all aspects of technical essentials. (e) Construction workers must do their homework and find problems to solve in time. Second, logging operations After the approval of the plan, on the basis of sufficient preparation work, we will do a good job of guiding the construction in an orderly manner in each production chain to ensure the quality of the work. (1) When the site conditions and the stand densities of cut-off irrigation are different, the shrubs of the bushes are cut at the beginning of the production and the shrubs are cut off at the beginning. The height of cut irrigation is controlled below 5M, stacked and stored, and used for logging and timbering. The job offers good conditions. (b) Logging works in order from the slope up to the slope. Whether logging with a chain saw or a hand saw, the cutting roots are perpendicular to the tree trunk and must not be sawn to avoid affecting the quality of the wood. When sawing, open the saw on both sides, saw it from above first, saw about 1/3 of the diameter, and saw it from below. Saw the mouth up and down on a horizontal surface to prevent chapped cracks or scorpions, and strictly control the direction of the tree (crown on the slope). The height of the cutting roots requires that the sawed land is level with the ground, and the thicker cutting height of the plant is controlled within 1/3 of the diameter of the base of the tree. (3) After the felling of the trees, they are required to use an ax or a hand saw to squat along the tree trunk. After the fight, the mouth is smooth, and it must not sag or bulge. It is forbidden to use wood sticks to fight. (4) Materials and materials shall be arranged according to market demand, and shall be based on the principle of “long products are not short and excellent materials are not inferiorâ€. Adhere to "one-time" build material in place, prohibit "secondary" material. The allowable length of the material is 4 meters long (including 4 meters) long and 0 to 3 meters, and 4 meters long and 0 to 2 meters long. The kerf section should be perpendicular to the length of the material and must not be sawn into bevels. 4 meters of long products bent less than 3% for the first material, less than 4% second-class material. The bending degree of other materials shall not be greater than 3%, and there shall be no bending limit for waste wood and Dachai. The dividing line between commodity materials and by-products is: the material of small head diameter of 7M (including 7M) is more than 2m in length. The small head diameter of 7M (excluding 7M) is small rods and by-products. Curvature Calculation Formula: S=H/E Where: S - curvature; H - maximum arch height; E - the length of the inner curve. (5) Skidding According to the location of the cutting area, the difference in the length of the skidding path, in the short cutting path or flattened terrain, is usually the first time after the material is made. In the remote cutting area of ​​the material road, the original strips were dragged and piled, and the materials were returned to the field. (6) The length of material for different grades, specifications, grades (such as first-class, second-level rodwood, and other products) must be attributed to each other. 1 Do not squint, align the heads, and avoid head reversal. 2 According to the singe-scale inspection rule, the inspection ruler should be marked in the small head, and the inspection error should not exceed ±1.5%. 3 For uniform numbering, check the wilderness accounts to specify the length of the material, the grade of the material, the size of the diameter, the number of roots, the number of meters, etc., and enter the number that matches the name. 4 Attribution level, diameter error does not exceed 2%. (vii) Cleaning up the mountain In order to facilitate the renewal of land preparation and eliminate the spread of pests and diseases and fire hazards, after the completion of various procedures for harvesting operations, the mountains should be thoroughly cleaned and all tree heads and branches removed from the forest. (8) Short-term transportation According to the distribution of stand distribution in the Mengfu Forest Management Bureau, most of the forest standoffs coexist with the private forest stand. Some forest stands have agricultural land below, and the harvesting season is best chosen in winter. In order to prevent problems affecting farming, flooding, and mountain suffocation, it is necessary to conduct a short-term transportation in a timely manner and concentrate the wood produced to facilitate the sale in a convenient and manageable place. Third, production inspection and acceptance In order to further improve the production quality and avoid problems in production, we must build a strict inspection and acceptance system step by step and complete the harvesting tasks according to the requirements of the program. (I) Intensified efforts to guide production After the start of production, the relevant technicians shall be organized to carry out the tour inspection and guidance according to the cutting area, including: boundary of logging area, cutting root height, material collection, timber production, imputation and safe production, etc. The operating procedures affecting the quality of production must be corrected in a timely manner. The relevant bureaus of the Authority shall timely conduct in-depth spot-checking and guidance in production, and find that the problem is solved on the spot. (II) Acceptance and acceptance After the completion of the operation, the forest farm and the Office will perform two acceptance checks. The acceptance includes: construction area, operation quality, consumption and accumulation, and product quantity. 1 After the acceptance of the forest farm is completed, the forestry farm will organize the production unit, the fiscal unit, the distribution unit, the forest management area, and the relevant personnel of the construction team to form an acceptance team. First, the logging area shall be numbered uniformly, and then the inspection scale Acceptance (Single-diameter inspection scales) Each trip requires the completion of triplicate product acceptance inspection scales according to species, specifications, and quantity (forestry, forestry, and office), with wilderness account numbers Corresponding to the nickname, after the acceptance of the field product, the acceptance result of the forest farm will be listed and summarized on the above table. After the calculation result is verified, the wild account will be accepted and the product board will be submitted to the Office for check and acceptance. After the acceptance of the product, the forestry farm is required to conduct comprehensive acceptance of the mountain farm in the cutting area. The operating area is measured by a compass meter, and the consumption accumulation and utilization (banded or square plot) are taken to measure the cutting root thickness and the number of harvested trees. Then use one-dimensional wood floor material volume table to calculate. Check the cleanup situation of the mountain field, and rework it until it meets the design criteria, until it reaches the required standard. After the harvesting operation of the tree farm is completed, all inspection results will be reported to the SAFE in time, and the Bureau will check the acceptance results of the forest farm. 2. The Office of the competent authority accepts the relevant bureaus to organize the establishment of the acceptance team. According to the project acceptance results reported by the forest farm, it goes deep into each cutting area and carries out spot checks on the basis of the acceptance of the forest farm. First verify the number of cuts in the cutting area, the verification rate requirement (consistent with the acceptance number of forest farms) is up to 100%, product acceptance is based on a random sampling method, and 20% of the total number of turns is randomly selected within the total number of crucibles. Detailed product specifications, number of parts, volume, error (with the acceptance rate of the forest farm) within ± 1.5% of the qualified, out of the error range are based on sampling data from the Office, and according to the Bureau test results to calculate the cutting area The actual output is used as the basis for product storage. For acceptance on the mountain farms, the acceptance rate is 100%. Acceptance of various mountain field factors is generally controlled at about 20% of the total tasks (small class or area) because of heavy workload. The measured area is measured by the compass and the cutting roots are calculated. Accumulation of consumption, using the backtest results compared with the design, assessment of design accuracy, the rate of outsourcing. At the same time, the mountain farms were checked for cleanup work to check whether there were any missing forest products, whether the cutting height reached the design requirements, and whether the branches or mahogany were cleaned up or not. The clearing areas that were not cleaned by the mountain farm were ordered to be cleared within a limited time. Through the full acceptance of the forest farms, the competent authority checks and accepts the inspections, and all the indicators have reached the qualified cutting area. The competent authority informs the tree farms to open the acceptance check list according to the acceptance results, and open the acceptance list for the unqualified cutting area until the rework reaches the plan design. Standards and then open the acceptance list. 3. Summarize the completion of the project after the completion of the project. Summarize the completion of the project step by step. First, take the forest management area as a unit, review and summarize the problems and experience from the completion of construction time, personnel organization, and various production links, and form a written document. Forest farm. Based on the acceptance of the project, the forest farm conducts a comprehensive analysis of the production and construction quality, product quantity, and investment standards of the cutting area, summarizes the problems existing in the experience finding work, puts forward suggestions for improvement, and formulates the next step work plan. According to the forestry system acceptance results (product boarding table) and sample inspection and acceptance conditions, the competent authority assesses the design accuracy of the planning and design institute respectively, and whether the error factors are within the allowable error range. Assess the various factors of forest farm production quality and safety production.
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